Myopia
Myopia, or near-sightedness, occurs when the eyeball grows too long and causes the light that enters the eye to be focused in front of the retina instead of on the retina. Myopia causes distant objects to appear blurred and is a common problem among Singaporeans.
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Hyperopia
Hyperopia, or far-sightedness, occurs when the eyeball is too short and causes the light that enters the eye to be focused behind the retina instead of on the retina. People with hyperopia typically can see distant objects clearly but having problem seeing close objects.
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Presbyopia
Presbyopia is a common part of aging. As we age, the lenses inside our eyes are more rigid and lose its flexibility and therefore harder to change shape. This makes the eyes to gradually lose focus on close-up objects. Symptoms of presbyopia include difficulties in reading small prints, headaches and eye-strain. Presbyopia usually happens in age 40 and above.
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Astigmatism
Astigmatism is another common cause of blurred vision. Astigmatism occurs due to the irregular shaped cornea or lens inside the eyes which prevents light that enters the eye to focus on a single point on the retina. Astigmatism usually causes vision to be blurred at all distances and can occur with myopia and hyperopia.
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Strabismus
Strabismus is the misalignment of the eyes, where the eyes will point to different directions, and is a common problem among children.
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Cataract
Cataract is an eye disease caused by the clouding of the lens in the eyes. It is a common ailment among older people. In Singapore, the percentage of elderly patients with cataract is around 78.6%, according to the National University Hospital.
The lens of the eyes is located behind the iris and the pupil and focuses light onto your retina at the back of the eye. Cataract occurs when the protein in the lens degrade over time due to age, causing the clouding of the lens, and can lead to symptoms such as faded colors, blurry vision, halos around light, and trouble seeing at night.
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Glaucoma
Glaucoma occurs when the fluid pressure within your eyes damages the fibers of the optic nerves responsible for sending visual impulses from the eye to the brain. The damage is permanent and can lead to blindness.
Fluid in the eye, called aqueous humor, is constantly produced and drains out of the eye. When there is high pressure within the eye due to an imbalance in the production and drainage of fluid, causing the intraocular pressure within the eye to rise, it might result in glaucoma.
Primary open angle glaucoma is the most common form of glaucoma, and primarily affects the elderly and middle-aged. When the iris blocks the drainage in the eye, the pressure within the eye will rise and cause primary open angle glaucoma. With primary open-angle glaucoma, vision deteriorates slowly and painlessly.
Another form of glaucoma is acute angle closure glaucoma that results in severe eye pain, headache, nausea and blurred vision. It is caused by a rapid increase in intraocular pressure (IOP), the pressure in the eye.
Chronic angle-closure glaucoma, unlike the suddenness of the acute angle closure glaucoma, progresses slowly and often goes undetected. It is caused by the progressive blockage of fluid, resulting in a slow rise in eye pressure.
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Age-Related Macular Degeneration
Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a common eye condition in people aged 50 and older. AMD occurs when the macula, which is a tiny spot at the center of the retina that allows for sharp central vision, is damaged. AMD affects one’s ability to recognize faces and perform simple tasks such as reading, watching television and cooking.
The macula is the most sensitive part of the retina. It is located at the back of the eye and turns light into electrical signals that is sent to the brain via the optic nerve, which translates the signals into images we see.
AMD does not result in vision loss for a long time, in some cases. Over time, a blurred area near the center of your vision will form. The blurred area might grow larger, or result in blank spots in your vision. In Singapore, the overall risk of AMD is 4.7%. The risk is higher for males (at 6.8%) than females (at 2.6%), according to Singapore National Eye Centre.
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